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Cabozantinib
Cabometyx, Cometriq
Multi-kinase inhibitor (VEGFR2/MET/AXL/RET/KIT)
Evidence Score
62
Cabozantinib is a potent, orally bioavailable multi-kinase inhibitor with activity against VEGFR2 (KDR), MET (hepatocyte growth factor receptor), AXL, RET, and KIT. The mechanistic rationale in SDH-deficient tumors rests on the HIF-driven receptor tyrosine kinase upregulation cascade: SDH loss → succinate → PHD inhibition → constitutive HIF-1α/2α stabilization → transcriptional activation of MET via direct HIF-1α binding to hypoxia-response elements (HREs) in the MET promoter (Pennacchietti et al., Cancer Cell 2003, PMID 12726861). MET overexpression drives invasive growth and a PI3K/AKT/mTOR → HIF-1α positive-feedback loop. AXL, another HIF-regulated receptor, is co-upregulated in the pseudohypoxic TME and contributes to survival, EMT, and immune evasion. Cabozantinib simultaneously inhibits VEGFR2 (anti-angiogenic), MET (anti-invasive, breaks HIF feedback), and AXL (anti-survival, anti-immune evasion) — a profile that addresses the multi-receptor tyrosine kinase landscape created by pseudohypoxia in SDH-deficient tumors. Clinical evidence in SDH-deficient PPGL: The Phase 2 Natalie trial (NCT02302833; Jimenez et al., Lancet Oncol 2024, PMID 38608693) enrolled n=17 patients with metastatic pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma, including up to 50% SDHB-mutant. Cabozantinib achieved an objective response rate (ORR) of 25% (4/16 evaluable patients), a median PFS of 16.6 months, and a median OS of 24.9 months — a clinically meaningful signal in a disease for which systemic options remain limited. The MD Anderson genotype-directed treatment algorithm for metastatic PPGL (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2026, PMID 42025325, already in the engine) lists cabozantinib as a systemic therapy option in this setting. The CABATEN basket trial (NCT04400474; n=93) evaluated cabozantinib + atezolizumab in endocrine/neuroendocrine tumors including PPGL. Distinction from sunitinib and regorafenib: Cabozantinib's MET inhibition (IC50 ~1.3 nM) and AXL inhibition are pharmacologically meaningful and not present in sunitinib or regorafenib at clinically relevant doses, making it mechanistically non-redundant in the SDH-deficient pseudohypoxic context. Sunitinib and regorafenib inhibit VEGFR/KIT/PDGFR but not MET/AXL. The evidence_score reflects the Phase 2 clinical data in PPGL (ORR 25%, PFS 16.6 months) combined with the HIF-MET mechanistic grounding in SDH-deficient biology. Key limitation: the Natalie trial was not SDH-deficient-specific and did not stratify efficacy by SDH mutational subtype; dedicated SDH-deficient-specific clinical data would further strengthen the rationale.
Downstream of HIF activation, VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling drives tumor angiogenesis — the formation of new blood vessels that supply the tumor with oxygen and nutrients.
Upstream event:
HIF-mediated VEGFA transcriptional activation
Downstream effects:
SDH loss → succinate accumulation → PHD inhibition → pseudohypoxic HIF-1α/2α stabilization. HIF-1α transcriptionally activates the MET proto-oncogene (hepatocyte growth factor receptor) via direct binding to hypoxia-response elements (HREs) in the MET promoter (Pennacchietti et al., Cancer Cell 2003, PMID 12726861). MET upregulation drives invasive growth, PI3K/AKT/mTOR activation, and a positive-feedback HIF loop (MET → PI3K → HIF-1α). AXL (a TAM receptor tyrosine kinase) is co-upregulated in the pseudohypoxic tumor microenvironment and promotes tumor cell survival, EMT, and immune evasion. Multi-kinase inhibitors targeting VEGFR2/MET/AXL (cabozantinib) exploit this HIF-driven receptor tyrosine kinase upregulation.
Upstream event:
SDH loss → succinate → PHD inhibition → HIF-1α/2α stabilization → HRE-driven MET and AXL transcriptional upregulation
Downstream effects:
KDR
VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2)
Primary VEGF receptor on endothelial cells. Target of sunitinib, regorafenib, and other multi-kinase inhibitors.
UniProt: P35968
MET
MET proto-oncogene (hepatocyte growth factor receptor, HGFR)
Receptor tyrosine kinase for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). MET transcription is directly activated by HIF-1α via canonical hypoxia-response elements (HREs) in the MET promoter — established by Pennacchietti et al. (Cancer Cell 2003, PMID 12726861) as the mechanism by which hypoxia promotes invasive growth. In SDH-deficient tumors, constitutive pseudohypoxic HIF-1α stabilization drives MET overexpression independent of oxygen tension. MET activation by HGF initiates a PI3K/AKT/mTOR → HIF-1α positive-feedback loop that amplifies pseudohypoxic signaling. MET is a primary target of cabozantinib (IC50 ~1.3 nM), which provided ORR 25% and median PFS 16.6 months in metastatic SDH-deficient PPGL (Natalie trial, Lancet Oncol 2024, PMID 38608693; SDHB-enriched cohort up to 50%).
UniProt: P08581
AXL
AXL receptor tyrosine kinase
TAM (TYRO3/AXL/MERTK) family receptor tyrosine kinase activated by the ligand GAS6. AXL is upregulated in pseudohypoxic and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments downstream of HIF-1α stabilization. AXL signaling promotes tumor cell survival, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis, and innate immune evasion. In SDH-deficient tumors, constitutive pseudohypoxia creates conditions that elevate AXL expression. AXL is co-inhibited by cabozantinib alongside VEGFR2 and MET, contributing to the drug's multi-pronged activity against the HIF-driven receptor tyrosine kinase landscape in these tumors.
UniProt: P30530
Tumor Type Applicability
Approved Indications
- Advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC)
- Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, second line after sorafenib)
- Progressive, metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma
Evidence from PubMed, OpenTargets, and ChEMBL will appear here once external data integration is enabled.
Coming in Phase 3
For research exploration only — not medical advice. Consult your doctor before acting on any information.
Have Claude analyze this drug's repurposing potential for SDH-deficient diseases.